Understanding the Philippines-China Disputes in South China Sea

Philippines-China Disputes & India’s Strategic Role in the South China Sea

1. Main territorial disputes

The disputes focus on Scarborough Shoal and Second Thomas Shoal, claimed by China but within the Philippines’ Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). These areas frequently witness confrontations between Philippine and Chinese vessels.

2. Significance of Second Thomas Shoal (Ayungin Shoal)

Located 105 nautical miles west of Palawan, it hosts a Philippine military outpost aboard the grounded BRP Sierra Madre. China contests the claim and often blocks Philippine resupply missions.

3. Scarborough Shoal developments

Seized by China in 2012, it is now patrolled by the Chinese coast guard. This has led to frequent clashes with Philippine fishing and patrol boats, asserting China’s de facto control.

4. Recent tensions

Despite a July 2025 agreement to de-escalate at Second Thomas Shoal, confrontations continue. Both sides accuse each other of aggression, drawing criticism from the US, Japan, and Australia.

5. Strategic importance of BRP Sierra Madre

The deliberately grounded Philippine Navy vessel serves as a sovereign outpost on Second Thomas Shoal, marking Manila’s claim and regularly being resupplied despite Chinese obstruction.

6. India’s involvement

India conducted its first joint naval drills with the Philippines near these disputed waters. This signals support for a rules-based maritime order and strengthens ties with Southeast Asian nations.

7. Message to China

India’s participation, though diplomatically cautious, underscores its support for the sovereignty and maritime rights of partners under international law, particularly UNCLOS.

8. Impact on ASEAN security dynamics

India’s cooperation provides Manila with external support to manage Beijing’s pressure. It promotes multilateral resistance to unilateral claims and strengthens regional security architecture.

9. Legal backing of the Philippines

In 2016, the Permanent Court of Arbitration ruled in favour of the Philippines, declaring China’s “nine-dash line” had no legal basis. China rejected the ruling and continues military activities in contested zones.

10. Implications for Indo-Pacific security

India’s maritime engagement signals a shift toward collective maritime security with like-minded nations, safeguarding open sea lanes, regional sovereignty, and cooperative defence in the Indo-Pacific.