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Ethanol blending in petrol: challenges and progress
1. What is Ethanol Blending?
Ethanol is an alcohol-based biofuel, primarily produced from sugarcane and corn. Mixing ethanol with petrol helps reduce crude oil imports, save foreign exchange, and cut greenhouse gas emissions. India initially introduced E10 (10% ethanol blend) and later moved towards E20 (20% ethanol blend), with the broader aim of lowering dependence on fossil fuels.
2. Why is E20 Facing Challenges?
- Compatibility Issues: Older vehicles were not designed or tested for E20, raising concerns about potential engine damage.
- Consumer Confusion: Lack of awareness and inadequate labeling at fuel stations create uncertainty.
- Insurance Concerns: Questions remain whether insurers will cover damage caused by incompatible fuel use.
- Fuel Efficiency: Studies indicate a drop in mileage — around 6–7% in four-wheelers and 3–4% in two-wheelers.
3. How is the Auto Industry Responding?
The Automotive Research Association of India (ARAI) and the Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers (SIAM) state that no breakdowns have been reported from E20 usage so far. While legacy vehicles are running without major issues, companies advise customers to check fuel compatibility. Car manufacturers, however, remain cautious and are reluctant to offer full warranties for E20 use, citing technical uncertainties.
4. Impact of the Ethanol Blending Programme
- Target Achievement: India reached the 20% blending goal five years ahead of its original 2030 deadline.
- Forex Savings: The programme saved approximately ₹1.44 trillion in foreign exchange.
- Farmer Benefits: Ethanol supply payments worth ₹2.15 trillion have boosted farmer incomes, particularly in states like Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Bihar.
- Agriculture Linkages: Surplus sugar production has been diverted towards biofuel, reducing wastage.
- Rural Employment: Expansion of ethanol production has created new job opportunities in rural areas.
5. Biofuel Blending in Diesel
Work has also begun on blending ethanol with diesel to further cut fossil fuel imports. However, technical challenges remain more complex compared to petrol blending. Pilot trials are currently underway for tractors, buses, and heavy commercial vehicles.
Synopsis
India’s ethanol blending programme has delivered significant gains by saving foreign exchange, supporting farmers, and reducing carbon emissions. However, challenges such as vehicle compatibility, lack of consumer awareness, and insurance clarity continue to affect smooth adoption of E20 fuel. While the auto industry is still cautious, India is steadily moving towards energy security and rural empowerment, with ethanol blending in diesel emerging as the next big step.