Indian Philosophy

Choose the Correct Answer

Correct Answer : Option d

Explanation
Statement 1 is not correct: Jainism makes a distinction between Jivas (jivas : souls) and Ajivas(ajivas : non-souls). Therefore, it is based on the theory of dualism, not on the theory of non-dualism.

Statement 2 is not correct: The soul is both permanent and changing. Based on extension, Jainism divides substance into two classes, those that are extended in space and those that are not. Although Jainism recognizes souls, it rejects the notion of an ultimate, universal soul.

Jainism teaches that the soul (jīva) is eternal and unchanging in its essence, but its qualities and conditions (like knowledge or karma) can change. The substance (dravya) is permanent, while its modifications (paryaya) vary. Thus, the soul is permanent in nature but undergoes changes in state.