Exploring the Potential of Geothermal Energy in India

Geothermal energy in India: fundamentals, policy and future

What is Geothermal Energy in Simple Terms?

Geothermal energy is the natural heat stored inside the Earth. It originates from two main sources: the heat left over from Earth’s formation and the continuous radioactive decay of minerals. This energy can be accessed through hot springs, geysers, or by drilling deep into the ground.

How is Geothermal Energy Used?

Geothermal energy has multiple applications:

• Electricity generation: Using steam or hot water from geothermal reservoirs to run turbines.
• Direct use: Heating buildings, greenhouses, fish farms, and industrial processes.
• Geothermal heat pumps: Providing heating and cooling for homes and commercial spaces.

Why is Geothermal Energy Important for India?

Geothermal energy plays a vital role in India’s clean energy transition:

• Provides a constant power supply unlike solar and wind, which are intermittent.
• Reduces dependence on coal and imported fuels.
• Produces low greenhouse gas emissions.
• Supports rural economies by offering direct heating applications.

What is India’s Geothermal Potential?

The Geological Survey of India has identified about 300 geothermal sites across the country. The estimated potential is 10,600 MW, but so far, not even 1 MW has been developed.

Major geothermal locations include Ladakh (Puga Valley), Himachal Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, and the Andaman & Nicobar Islands.

What are the Main Elements of India’s Geothermal Policy?

The National Policy on Geothermal Energy 2025 outlines:

• Exploration & Research: Mapping resources, creating a geothermal atlas, and investing in advanced drilling.
• Pilot Projects: Developing small-scale plants in Ladakh, Himachal Pradesh, and Chhattisgarh.
• Regulation: Clear licensing, environmental clearance norms, and monitoring systems.
• Environmental Safeguards: Reinjection of fluids, seismic impact studies, and ecological protection.
• International Cooperation: Partnerships with Iceland, the U.S., and New Zealand for technology and expertise.
• Private Participation: Incentives for investors, tax benefits, and viability gap funding.

What Risks are Involved in Geothermal Projects?

While promising, geothermal projects carry some risks:

• Groundwater contamination if fluids are not properly reinjected.
• Seismic disturbances in tectonically sensitive areas.
• Blowouts during drilling, as seen in Puga Valley, Ladakh (2022).
• Damage to fragile ecosystems if projects are unregulated.

How Can India Move Forward Safely?

To ensure safe and sustainable development, India should focus on:

• Conducting Environmental and Social Impact Assessments (ESIA) before projects.
• Ensuring community participation in decision-making.
• Adopting global best practices from Iceland, the Philippines, and Kenya.
• Strengthening R&D institutions and training skilled manpower.

Synopsis

Geothermal energy is one of the most reliable forms of renewable power, offering uninterrupted electricity and direct heating solutions. India has vast untapped potential, and the National Geothermal Policy 2025 provides direction through pilot projects, international cooperation, and private sector involvement. However, risks such as groundwater contamination and seismic hazards must be addressed with strict safeguards. With careful planning, geothermal energy can become a vital pillar of India’s renewable future.